platform_bionic/tests/dlext_test.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <gtest/gtest.h>

#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <elf.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <android/dlext.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

#include <pagemap/pagemap.h>
#include <ziparchive/zip_archive.h>

#include "TemporaryFile.h"
#include "utils.h"

#define ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(ptr) \
    ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != nullptr) << "dlerror: " << dlerror()

#define ASSERT_DL_ZERO(i) \
    ASSERT_EQ(0, i) << "dlerror: " << dlerror()

#define ASSERT_NOERROR(i) \
    ASSERT_NE(-1, i) << "errno: " << strerror(errno)

#define ASSERT_SUBSTR(needle, haystack) \
    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(::testing::IsSubstring, needle, haystack)


typedef int (*fn)(void);
#define LIBNAME "libdlext_test.so"
#define LIBNAME_NORELRO "libdlext_test_norelro.so"
#define LIBSIZE 1024*1024 // how much address space to reserve for it

#if defined(__LP64__)
#define NATIVE_TESTS_PATH "/nativetest64"
#else
#define NATIVE_TESTS_PATH "/nativetest"
#endif

#define LIBPATH NATIVE_TESTS_PATH "/libdlext_test_fd/libdlext_test_fd.so"
#define LIBZIPPATH NATIVE_TESTS_PATH "/libdlext_test_zip/libdlext_test_zip_zipaligned.zip"
#define LIBZIPPATH_WITH_RUNPATH NATIVE_TESTS_PATH "/libdlext_test_runpath_zip/libdlext_test_runpath_zip_zipaligned.zip"
#define LIBZIP_SIMPLE_ZIP "libdir/libatest_simple_zip.so"

class DlExtTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  virtual void SetUp() {
    handle_ = nullptr;
    // verify that we don't have the library loaded already
    void* h = dlopen(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_NOLOAD);
    ASSERT_TRUE(h == nullptr);
    h = dlopen(LIBNAME_NORELRO, RTLD_NOW | RTLD_NOLOAD);
    ASSERT_TRUE(h == nullptr);
    // call dlerror() to swallow the error, and check it was the one we wanted
    ASSERT_STREQ("dlopen failed: library \"" LIBNAME_NORELRO "\" wasn't loaded and RTLD_NOLOAD prevented it", dlerror());
  }

  virtual void TearDown() {
    if (handle_ != nullptr) {
      ASSERT_DL_ZERO(dlclose(handle_));
    }
  }

  void* handle_;
};

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ExtInfoNull) {
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW, nullptr);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);
  fn f = reinterpret_cast<fn>(dlsym(handle_, "getRandomNumber"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(f);
  EXPECT_EQ(4, f());
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ExtInfoNoFlags) {
  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = 0;
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);
  fn f = reinterpret_cast<fn>(dlsym(handle_, "getRandomNumber"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(f);
  EXPECT_EQ(4, f());
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ExtInfoUseFd) {
  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + LIBPATH;

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD;
  extinfo.library_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(lib_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
  ASSERT_TRUE(extinfo.library_fd != -1);
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(lib_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);
  fn f = reinterpret_cast<fn>(dlsym(handle_, "getRandomNumber"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(f);
  EXPECT_EQ(4, f());

  uint32_t* taxicab_number = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dlsym(handle_, "dlopen_testlib_taxicab_number"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(taxicab_number);
  EXPECT_EQ(1729U, *taxicab_number);
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ExtInfoUseFdWithOffset) {
  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + LIBZIPPATH;

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD | ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD_OFFSET;
  extinfo.library_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(lib_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));

  // Find the offset of the shared library in the zip.
  ZipArchiveHandle handle;
  ASSERT_EQ(0, OpenArchive(lib_path.c_str(), &handle));
  ZipEntry zip_entry;
  ZipString zip_name;
  zip_name.name = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(LIBZIP_SIMPLE_ZIP);
  zip_name.name_length = sizeof(LIBZIP_SIMPLE_ZIP) - 1;
  ASSERT_EQ(0, FindEntry(handle, zip_name, &zip_entry));
  extinfo.library_fd_offset = zip_entry.offset;
  CloseArchive(handle);

  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(lib_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);

  uint32_t* taxicab_number = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dlsym(handle_, "dlopen_testlib_taxicab_number"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(taxicab_number);
  EXPECT_EQ(1729U, *taxicab_number);
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ExtInfoUseFdWithInvalidOffset) {
  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + LIBZIPPATH;
  // lib_path is relative when $ANDROID_DATA is relative
  char lib_realpath_buf[PATH_MAX];
  ASSERT_TRUE(realpath(lib_path.c_str(), lib_realpath_buf) == lib_realpath_buf);
  const std::string lib_realpath = std::string(lib_realpath_buf);

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD | ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD_OFFSET;
  extinfo.library_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(lib_path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
  extinfo.library_fd_offset = 17;

  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext("libname_placeholder", RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_ == nullptr);
  ASSERT_STREQ("dlopen failed: file offset for the library \"libname_placeholder\" is not page-aligned: 17", dlerror());

  // Test an address above 2^44, for http://b/18178121 .
  extinfo.library_fd_offset = (5LL<<48) + PAGE_SIZE;
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext("libname_placeholder", RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_ == nullptr);
  ASSERT_SUBSTR("dlopen failed: file offset for the library \"libname_placeholder\" >= file size", dlerror());

  extinfo.library_fd_offset = 0LL - PAGE_SIZE;
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext("libname_placeholder", RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_ == nullptr);
  ASSERT_SUBSTR("dlopen failed: file offset for the library \"libname_placeholder\" is negative", dlerror());

  extinfo.library_fd_offset = 0;
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext("libname_ignored", RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_ == nullptr);
  ASSERT_EQ("dlopen failed: \"" + lib_realpath + "\" has bad ELF magic", dlerror());

  // Check if dlsym works after unsuccessful dlopen().
  // Supply non-exiting one to make linker visit every soinfo.
  void* sym = dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "this_symbol_does_not_exist___");
  ASSERT_TRUE(sym == nullptr);

  close(extinfo.library_fd);
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ExtInfoUseOffsetWithoutFd) {
  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD_OFFSET;
  // This offset will not be used, so it doesn't matter.
  extinfo.library_fd_offset = 0;

  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext("/some/lib/that/does_not_exist", RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_ == nullptr);
  ASSERT_STREQ("dlopen failed: invalid extended flag combination (ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD_OFFSET without ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD): 0x20", dlerror());
}

TEST(dlext, android_dlopen_ext_force_load_smoke) {
  // 1. Open actual file
  void* handle = dlopen("libdlext_test.so", RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle);
  // 2. Open link with force_load flag set
  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_FORCE_LOAD;
  void* handle2 = android_dlopen_ext("libdlext_test_v2.so", RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle2);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != handle2);

  dlclose(handle2);
  dlclose(handle);
}

TEST(dlext, android_dlopen_ext_force_load_soname_exception) {
  // Check if soname lookup still returns already loaded library
  // when ANDROID_DLEXT_FORCE_LOAD flag is specified.
  void* handle = dlopen("libdlext_test_v2.so", RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle);

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_FORCE_LOAD;

  // Note that 'libdlext_test.so' is dt_soname for libdlext_test_v2.so
  void* handle2 = android_dlopen_ext("libdlext_test.so", RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);

  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle2);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle == handle2);

  dlclose(handle2);
  dlclose(handle);
}

TEST(dlfcn, dlopen_from_zip_absolute_path) {
  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + LIBZIPPATH;

  void* handle = dlopen((lib_path + "!/libdir/libatest_simple_zip.so").c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != nullptr) << dlerror();

  uint32_t* taxicab_number = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dlsym(handle, "dlopen_testlib_taxicab_number"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(taxicab_number);
  EXPECT_EQ(1729U, *taxicab_number);

  dlclose(handle);
}

TEST(dlfcn, dlopen_from_zip_with_dt_runpath) {
  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + LIBZIPPATH_WITH_RUNPATH;

  void* handle = dlopen((lib_path + "!/libdir/libtest_dt_runpath_d_zip.so").c_str(), RTLD_NOW);

  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != nullptr) << dlerror();

  typedef void *(* dlopen_b_fn)();
  dlopen_b_fn fn = (dlopen_b_fn)dlsym(handle, "dlopen_b");
  ASSERT_TRUE(fn != nullptr) << dlerror();

  void *p = fn();
  ASSERT_TRUE(p != nullptr) << dlerror();

  dlclose(p);
  dlclose(handle);
}

TEST(dlfcn, dlopen_from_zip_ld_library_path) {
  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + LIBZIPPATH + "!/libdir";

  typedef void (*fn_t)(const char*);
  fn_t android_update_LD_LIBRARY_PATH =
      reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "android_update_LD_LIBRARY_PATH"));

  ASSERT_TRUE(android_update_LD_LIBRARY_PATH != nullptr) << dlerror();

  void* handle = dlopen("libdlext_test_zip.so", RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle == nullptr);

  android_update_LD_LIBRARY_PATH(lib_path.c_str());

  handle = dlopen("libdlext_test_zip.so", RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != nullptr) << dlerror();

  int (*fn)(void);
  fn = reinterpret_cast<int (*)(void)>(dlsym(handle, "getRandomNumber"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fn != nullptr);
  EXPECT_EQ(4, fn());

  uint32_t* taxicab_number =
          reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dlsym(handle, "dlopen_testlib_taxicab_number"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(taxicab_number);
  EXPECT_EQ(1729U, *taxicab_number);

  dlclose(handle);
}


TEST_F(DlExtTest, Reserved) {
  void* start = mmap(nullptr, LIBSIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(start != MAP_FAILED);
  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_RESERVED_ADDRESS;
  extinfo.reserved_addr = start;
  extinfo.reserved_size = LIBSIZE;
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);
  fn f = reinterpret_cast<fn>(dlsym(handle_, "getRandomNumber"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(f);
  EXPECT_GE(reinterpret_cast<void*>(f), start);
  EXPECT_LT(reinterpret_cast<void*>(f),
            reinterpret_cast<char*>(start) + LIBSIZE);
  EXPECT_EQ(4, f());

  // Check that after dlclose reserved address space is unmapped (and can be reused)
  dlclose(handle_);
  handle_ = nullptr;

  void* new_start = mmap(start, PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_NE(start, new_start) << "dlclose unmapped reserved space";
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ReservedTooSmall) {
  void* start = mmap(nullptr, PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(start != MAP_FAILED);
  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_RESERVED_ADDRESS;
  extinfo.reserved_addr = start;
  extinfo.reserved_size = PAGE_SIZE;
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, handle_);
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ReservedHint) {
  void* start = mmap(nullptr, LIBSIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(start != MAP_FAILED);
  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_RESERVED_ADDRESS_HINT;
  extinfo.reserved_addr = start;
  extinfo.reserved_size = LIBSIZE;
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);
  fn f = reinterpret_cast<fn>(dlsym(handle_, "getRandomNumber"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(f);
  EXPECT_GE(reinterpret_cast<void*>(f), start);
  EXPECT_LT(reinterpret_cast<void*>(f),
            reinterpret_cast<char*>(start) + LIBSIZE);
  EXPECT_EQ(4, f());
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, ReservedHintTooSmall) {
  void* start = mmap(nullptr, PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(start != MAP_FAILED);
  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_RESERVED_ADDRESS_HINT;
  extinfo.reserved_addr = start;
  extinfo.reserved_size = PAGE_SIZE;
  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);
  fn f = reinterpret_cast<fn>(dlsym(handle_, "getRandomNumber"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(f);
  EXPECT_TRUE(reinterpret_cast<void*>(f) < start ||
              (reinterpret_cast<void*>(f) >=
               reinterpret_cast<char*>(start) + PAGE_SIZE));
  EXPECT_EQ(4, f());
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, LoadAtFixedAddress) {
  void* start = mmap(nullptr, LIBSIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(start != MAP_FAILED);
  munmap(start, LIBSIZE);

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_LOAD_AT_FIXED_ADDRESS;
  extinfo.reserved_addr = start;

  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);
  fn f = reinterpret_cast<fn>(dlsym(handle_, "getRandomNumber"));
  ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(f);
  EXPECT_GE(reinterpret_cast<void*>(f), start);
  EXPECT_LT(reinterpret_cast<void*>(f), reinterpret_cast<char*>(start) + LIBSIZE);

  EXPECT_EQ(4, f());
  dlclose(handle_);
  handle_ = nullptr;

  // Check that dlclose unmapped the file
  void* addr = mmap(start, LIBSIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_EQ(start, addr) << "dlclose did not unmap the memory";
}

TEST_F(DlExtTest, LoadAtFixedAddressTooSmall) {
  void* start = mmap(nullptr, LIBSIZE + PAGE_SIZE, PROT_NONE,
                         MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(start != MAP_FAILED);
  munmap(start, LIBSIZE + PAGE_SIZE);
  void* new_addr = mmap(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(start) + PAGE_SIZE, LIBSIZE, PROT_NONE,
                        MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(new_addr != MAP_FAILED);

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_LOAD_AT_FIXED_ADDRESS;
  extinfo.reserved_addr = start;

  handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(LIBNAME, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_ == nullptr);
}

class DlExtRelroSharingTest : public DlExtTest {
protected:
  virtual void SetUp() {
    DlExtTest::SetUp();
    void* start = mmap(nullptr, LIBSIZE, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
    ASSERT_TRUE(start != MAP_FAILED);
    extinfo_.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_RESERVED_ADDRESS;
    extinfo_.reserved_addr = start;
    extinfo_.reserved_size = LIBSIZE;
    extinfo_.relro_fd = -1;
  }

  virtual void TearDown() {
    DlExtTest::TearDown();
  }

  void CreateRelroFile(const char* lib, const char* relro_file) {
    int relro_fd = open(relro_file, O_RDWR | O_TRUNC);
    ASSERT_NOERROR(relro_fd);

    pid_t pid = fork();
    if (pid == 0) {
      // child process
      extinfo_.flags |= ANDROID_DLEXT_WRITE_RELRO;
      extinfo_.relro_fd = relro_fd;
      void* handle = android_dlopen_ext(lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo_);
      if (handle == nullptr) {
        fprintf(stderr, "in child: %s\n", dlerror());
        exit(1);
      }
      exit(0);
    }

    // continuing in parent
    ASSERT_NOERROR(close(relro_fd));
    ASSERT_NOERROR(pid);
    AssertChildExited(pid, 0);

    // reopen file for reading so it can be used
    relro_fd = open(relro_file, O_RDONLY);
    ASSERT_NOERROR(relro_fd);
    extinfo_.flags |= ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_RELRO;
    extinfo_.relro_fd = relro_fd;
  }

  void TryUsingRelro(const char* lib) {
    handle_ = android_dlopen_ext(lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo_);
    ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(handle_);
    fn f = reinterpret_cast<fn>(dlsym(handle_, "getRandomNumber"));
    ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(f);
    EXPECT_EQ(4, f());

    uint32_t* taxicab_number =
            reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dlsym(handle_, "dlopen_testlib_taxicab_number"));
    ASSERT_DL_NOTNULL(taxicab_number);
    EXPECT_EQ(1729U, *taxicab_number);
  }

  void SpawnChildrenAndMeasurePss(const char* lib, bool share_relro, size_t* pss_out);

  android_dlextinfo extinfo_;
};

TEST_F(DlExtRelroSharingTest, ChildWritesGoodData) {
  TemporaryFile tf; // Use tf to get an unique filename.
  ASSERT_NOERROR(close(tf.fd));

  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateRelroFile(LIBNAME, tf.filename));
  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TryUsingRelro(LIBNAME));

  // Use destructor of tf to close and unlink the file.
  tf.fd = extinfo_.relro_fd;
}

TEST_F(DlExtRelroSharingTest, ChildWritesNoRelro) {
  TemporaryFile tf; // // Use tf to get an unique filename.
  ASSERT_NOERROR(close(tf.fd));

  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateRelroFile(LIBNAME_NORELRO, tf.filename));
  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TryUsingRelro(LIBNAME_NORELRO));

  // Use destructor of tf to close and unlink the file.
  tf.fd = extinfo_.relro_fd;
}

TEST_F(DlExtRelroSharingTest, RelroFileEmpty) {
  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TryUsingRelro(LIBNAME));
}

TEST_F(DlExtRelroSharingTest, VerifyMemorySaving) {
  if (geteuid() != 0) {
    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "This test must be run as root.\n";
    return;
  }

  TemporaryFile tf; // Use tf to get an unique filename.
  ASSERT_NOERROR(close(tf.fd));

  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CreateRelroFile(LIBNAME, tf.filename));

  int pipefd[2];
  ASSERT_NOERROR(pipe(pipefd));

  size_t without_sharing, with_sharing;
  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SpawnChildrenAndMeasurePss(LIBNAME, false, &without_sharing));
  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SpawnChildrenAndMeasurePss(LIBNAME, true, &with_sharing));

  // We expect the sharing to save at least 10% of the total PSS. In practice
  // it saves 40%+ for this test.
  size_t expected_size = without_sharing - (without_sharing/10);
  EXPECT_LT(with_sharing, expected_size);

  // Use destructor of tf to close and unlink the file.
  tf.fd = extinfo_.relro_fd;
}

void getPss(pid_t pid, size_t* pss_out) {
  pm_kernel_t* kernel;
  ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_kernel_create(&kernel));

  pm_process_t* process;
  ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_create(kernel, pid, &process));

  pm_map_t** maps;
  size_t num_maps;
  ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_process_maps(process, &maps, &num_maps));

  size_t total_pss = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_maps; i++) {
    pm_memusage_t usage;
    ASSERT_EQ(0, pm_map_usage(maps[i], &usage));
    total_pss += usage.pss;
  }
  *pss_out = total_pss;

  free(maps);
  pm_process_destroy(process);
  pm_kernel_destroy(kernel);
}

void DlExtRelroSharingTest::SpawnChildrenAndMeasurePss(const char* lib, bool share_relro,
                                                       size_t* pss_out) {
  const int CHILDREN = 20;

  // Create children
  pid_t child_pids[CHILDREN];
  int childpipe[CHILDREN];
  for (int i=0; i<CHILDREN; ++i) {
    char read_buf;
    int child_done_pipe[2], parent_done_pipe[2];
    ASSERT_NOERROR(pipe(child_done_pipe));
    ASSERT_NOERROR(pipe(parent_done_pipe));

    pid_t child = fork();
    if (child == 0) {
      // close the 'wrong' ends of the pipes in the child
      close(child_done_pipe[0]);
      close(parent_done_pipe[1]);

      // open the library
      void* handle;
      if (share_relro) {
        handle = android_dlopen_ext(lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo_);
      } else {
        handle = dlopen(lib, RTLD_NOW);
      }
      if (handle == nullptr) {
        fprintf(stderr, "in child: %s\n", dlerror());
        exit(1);
      }

      // close write end of child_done_pipe to signal the parent that we're done.
      close(child_done_pipe[1]);

      // wait for the parent to close parent_done_pipe, then exit
      read(parent_done_pipe[0], &read_buf, 1);
      exit(0);
    }

    ASSERT_NOERROR(child);

    // close the 'wrong' ends of the pipes in the parent
    close(child_done_pipe[1]);
    close(parent_done_pipe[0]);

    // wait for the child to be done
    read(child_done_pipe[0], &read_buf, 1);
    close(child_done_pipe[0]);

    // save the child's pid and the parent_done_pipe
    child_pids[i] = child;
    childpipe[i] = parent_done_pipe[1];
  }

  // Sum the PSS of all the children
  size_t total_pss = 0;
  for (int i=0; i<CHILDREN; ++i) {
    size_t child_pss;
    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getPss(child_pids[i], &child_pss));
    total_pss += child_pss;
  }
  *pss_out = total_pss;

  // Close pipes and wait for children to exit
  for (int i=0; i<CHILDREN; ++i) {
    ASSERT_NOERROR(close(childpipe[i]));
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < CHILDREN; ++i) {
    AssertChildExited(child_pids[i], 0);
  }
}

// Testing namespaces
static const char* g_public_lib = "libnstest_public.so";

TEST(dlext, ns_smoke) {
  static const char* root_lib = "libnstest_root.so";
  std::string path = std::string("libc.so:libc++.so:libdl.so:libm.so:") + g_public_lib;

  ASSERT_FALSE(android_init_namespaces(path.c_str(), nullptr));
  ASSERT_STREQ("android_init_namespaces failed: error initializing public namespace: "
               "\"libnstest_public.so\" was not found in the default namespace", dlerror());

  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + NATIVE_TESTS_PATH;

  const std::string lib_public_path = lib_path + "/public_namespace_libs/" + g_public_lib;
  void* handle_public = dlopen(lib_public_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_public != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_TRUE(android_init_namespaces(path.c_str(), nullptr)) << dlerror();

  // Check that libraries added to public namespace are NODELETE
  dlclose(handle_public);
  handle_public = dlopen((lib_path + "/public_namespace_libs/" + g_public_lib).c_str(),
                         RTLD_NOW | RTLD_NOLOAD);

  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_public != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_namespace_t* ns1 =
          android_create_namespace("private", nullptr,
                                   (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str(),
                                   ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_REGULAR, nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns1 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_namespace_t* ns2 =
          android_create_namespace("private_isolated", nullptr,
                                   (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str(),
                                   ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED, nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns2 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  // This should not have affect search path for default namespace:
  ASSERT_TRUE(dlopen(root_lib, RTLD_NOW) == nullptr);
  void* handle = dlopen(g_public_lib, RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != nullptr) << dlerror();
  dlclose(handle);

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_NAMESPACE;
  extinfo.library_namespace = ns1;

  void* handle1 = android_dlopen_ext(root_lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle1 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  extinfo.library_namespace = ns2;
  void* handle2 = android_dlopen_ext(root_lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle2 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_TRUE(handle1 != handle2);

  // dlopen for a public library using an absolute path should work for isolated namespaces
  extinfo.library_namespace = ns2;
  handle = android_dlopen_ext(lib_public_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != nullptr) << dlerror();
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle == handle_public);

  dlclose(handle);

  typedef const char* (*fn_t)();

  fn_t ns_get_local_string1 = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_local_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_local_string1 != nullptr) << dlerror();
  fn_t ns_get_local_string2 = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle2, "ns_get_local_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_local_string2 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  EXPECT_STREQ("This string is local to root library", ns_get_local_string1());
  EXPECT_STREQ("This string is local to root library", ns_get_local_string2());

  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_local_string1() != ns_get_local_string2());

  fn_t ns_get_private_extern_string1 =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_private_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_private_extern_string1 != nullptr) << dlerror();
  fn_t ns_get_private_extern_string2 =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle2, "ns_get_private_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_private_extern_string2 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  EXPECT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace", ns_get_private_extern_string1());
  EXPECT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace", ns_get_private_extern_string2());

  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_private_extern_string1() != ns_get_private_extern_string2());

  fn_t ns_get_public_extern_string1 =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_public_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_public_extern_string1 != nullptr) << dlerror();
  fn_t ns_get_public_extern_string2 =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle2, "ns_get_public_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_public_extern_string2 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  EXPECT_STREQ("This string is from public namespace", ns_get_public_extern_string1());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_public_extern_string1() == ns_get_public_extern_string2());

  // and now check that dlopen() does the right thing in terms of preserving namespace
  fn_t ns_get_dlopened_string1 = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_dlopened_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string1 != nullptr) << dlerror();
  fn_t ns_get_dlopened_string2 = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle2, "ns_get_dlopened_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string2 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  EXPECT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)", ns_get_dlopened_string1());
  EXPECT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)", ns_get_dlopened_string2());

  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string1() != ns_get_dlopened_string2());

  dlclose(handle1);

  // Check if handle2 is still alive (and well)
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is local to root library", ns_get_local_string2());
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace", ns_get_private_extern_string2());
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from public namespace", ns_get_public_extern_string2());
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)", ns_get_dlopened_string2());

  dlclose(handle2);
}

extern "C" void android_set_application_target_sdk_version(uint32_t target);

TEST(dlext, ns_isolated) {
  static const char* root_lib = "libnstest_root_not_isolated.so";
  std::string path = std::string("libc.so:libc++.so:libdl.so:libm.so:") + g_public_lib;

  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + NATIVE_TESTS_PATH;
  const std::string lib_public_path = lib_path + "/public_namespace_libs/" + g_public_lib;
  void* handle_public = dlopen(lib_public_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_public != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_set_application_target_sdk_version(42U); // something > 23

  ASSERT_TRUE(android_init_namespaces(path.c_str(), nullptr)) << dlerror();

  android_namespace_t* ns_not_isolated =
          android_create_namespace("private", nullptr,
                                   (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str(),
                                   ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_REGULAR, nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_not_isolated != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_namespace_t* ns_isolated =
          android_create_namespace("private_isolated1", nullptr,
                                   (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str(),
                                   ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED, nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_isolated != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_namespace_t* ns_isolated2 =
          android_create_namespace("private_isolated2",
                                   (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str(),
                                   nullptr, ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED, lib_path.c_str());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_isolated2 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_TRUE(dlopen(root_lib, RTLD_NOW) == nullptr);
  ASSERT_STREQ("dlopen failed: library \"libnstest_root_not_isolated.so\" not found", dlerror());

  std::string lib_private_external_path =
      lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs_external/libnstest_private_external.so";

  // Load lib_private_external_path to default namespace
  // (it should remain invisible for the isolated namespaces after this)
  void* handle = dlopen(lib_private_external_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_NAMESPACE;
  extinfo.library_namespace = ns_not_isolated;

  void* handle1 = android_dlopen_ext(root_lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle1 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  extinfo.library_namespace = ns_isolated;

  void* handle2 = android_dlopen_ext(root_lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle2 == nullptr);
  ASSERT_STREQ("dlopen failed: library \"libnstest_private_external.so\" not found", dlerror());

  // Check dlopen by absolute path
  handle2 = android_dlopen_ext(lib_private_external_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle2 == nullptr);
  ASSERT_EQ("dlopen failed: library \"" + lib_private_external_path + "\" is not accessible for the namespace \"private_isolated1\"", dlerror());

  extinfo.library_namespace = ns_isolated2;

  // this should work because isolation_path for private_isolated2 includes lib_path
  handle2 = android_dlopen_ext(root_lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle2 != nullptr) << dlerror();
  dlclose(handle2);

  // Check dlopen by absolute path
  handle2 = android_dlopen_ext(lib_private_external_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle2 != nullptr) << dlerror();
  dlclose(handle2);

  typedef const char* (*fn_t)();
  fn_t ns_get_local_string = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_local_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_local_string != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is local to root library", ns_get_local_string());

  fn_t ns_get_private_extern_string =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_private_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_private_extern_string != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace", ns_get_private_extern_string());

  fn_t ns_get_public_extern_string =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_public_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_public_extern_string != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from public namespace", ns_get_public_extern_string());

  fn_t ns_get_dlopened_string = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_dlopened_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)", ns_get_dlopened_string());

  dlclose(handle1);
}

TEST(dlext, ns_shared) {
  static const char* root_lib = "libnstest_root_not_isolated.so";
  static const char* root_lib_isolated = "libnstest_root.so";
  std::string path = std::string("libc.so:libc++.so:libdl.so:libm.so:") + g_public_lib;

  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + NATIVE_TESTS_PATH;
  const std::string lib_public_path = lib_path + "/public_namespace_libs/" + g_public_lib;
  void* handle_public = dlopen(lib_public_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_public != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_set_application_target_sdk_version(42U); // something > 23

  ASSERT_TRUE(android_init_namespaces(path.c_str(), nullptr)) << dlerror();

  // preload this library to the default namespace to check if it
  // is shared later on.
  void* handle_dlopened =
          dlopen((lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs/libnstest_dlopened.so").c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_dlopened != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_namespace_t* ns_not_isolated =
          android_create_namespace("private", nullptr,
                                   (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str(),
                                   ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_REGULAR, nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_not_isolated != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_namespace_t* ns_isolated_shared =
          android_create_namespace("private_isolated_shared", nullptr,
                                   (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str(),
                                   ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_ISOLATED | ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_SHARED,
                                   nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_isolated_shared != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_TRUE(dlopen(root_lib, RTLD_NOW) == nullptr);
  ASSERT_STREQ("dlopen failed: library \"libnstest_root_not_isolated.so\" not found", dlerror());

  std::string lib_private_external_path =
      lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs_external/libnstest_private_external.so";

  // Load lib_private_external_path to default namespace
  // (it should remain invisible for the isolated namespaces after this)
  void* handle = dlopen(lib_private_external_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != nullptr) << dlerror();

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_NAMESPACE;
  extinfo.library_namespace = ns_not_isolated;

  void* handle1 = android_dlopen_ext(root_lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle1 != nullptr) << dlerror();

  extinfo.library_namespace = ns_isolated_shared;

  void* handle2 = android_dlopen_ext(root_lib, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle2 == nullptr);
  ASSERT_STREQ("dlopen failed: library \"libnstest_private_external.so\" not found", dlerror());

  // Check dlopen by absolute path
  handle2 = android_dlopen_ext(lib_private_external_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle2 == nullptr);
  ASSERT_EQ("dlopen failed: library \"" + lib_private_external_path + "\" is not accessible for the namespace \"private_isolated_shared\"", dlerror());

  // load libnstest_root.so to shared namespace in order to check that everything is different
  // except shared libnstest_dlopened.so

  handle2 = android_dlopen_ext(root_lib_isolated, RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);

  typedef const char* (*fn_t)();
  fn_t ns_get_local_string = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_local_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_local_string != nullptr) << dlerror();
  fn_t ns_get_local_string_shared = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle2, "ns_get_local_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_local_string_shared != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is local to root library", ns_get_local_string());
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is local to root library", ns_get_local_string_shared());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_local_string() != ns_get_local_string_shared());

  fn_t ns_get_private_extern_string =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_private_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_private_extern_string != nullptr) << dlerror();
  fn_t ns_get_private_extern_string_shared =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle2, "ns_get_private_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_private_extern_string_shared() != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace", ns_get_private_extern_string());
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace", ns_get_private_extern_string_shared());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_private_extern_string() != ns_get_private_extern_string_shared());

  fn_t ns_get_public_extern_string =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_public_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_public_extern_string != nullptr) << dlerror();
  fn_t ns_get_public_extern_string_shared =
          reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle2, "ns_get_public_extern_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_public_extern_string_shared != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from public namespace", ns_get_public_extern_string());
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from public namespace", ns_get_public_extern_string_shared());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_public_extern_string() == ns_get_public_extern_string_shared());

  fn_t ns_get_dlopened_string = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle1, "ns_get_dlopened_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string != nullptr) << dlerror();
  fn_t ns_get_dlopened_string_shared = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(dlsym(handle2, "ns_get_dlopened_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string_shared != nullptr) << dlerror();
  const char** ns_dlopened_string = static_cast<const char**>(dlsym(handle_dlopened, "g_private_dlopened_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_dlopened_string != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)", ns_get_dlopened_string());
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)", *ns_dlopened_string);
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)", ns_get_dlopened_string_shared());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string() != ns_get_dlopened_string_shared());
  ASSERT_TRUE(*ns_dlopened_string == ns_get_dlopened_string_shared());

  dlclose(handle1);
  dlclose(handle2);
}

TEST(dlext, ns_anonymous) {
  static const char* root_lib = "libnstest_root.so";
  std::string path = std::string("libc.so:libc++.so:libdl.so:libm.so:") + g_public_lib;

  const std::string lib_path = std::string(getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) + NATIVE_TESTS_PATH;

  const std::string lib_public_path = lib_path + "/public_namespace_libs/" + g_public_lib;
  void* handle_public = dlopen(lib_public_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);

  ASSERT_TRUE(handle_public != nullptr) << dlerror();

  ASSERT_TRUE(android_init_namespaces(path.c_str(), (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str()))
      << dlerror();

  android_namespace_t* ns = android_create_namespace(
                                "private", nullptr,
                                (lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs").c_str(),
                                ANDROID_NAMESPACE_TYPE_REGULAR, nullptr);

  ASSERT_TRUE(ns != nullptr) << dlerror();

  std::string private_library_absolute_path = lib_path + "/private_namespace_libs/" + root_lib;

  android_dlextinfo extinfo;
  extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_NAMESPACE;
  extinfo.library_namespace = ns;

  // we are going to copy this library to anonymous mmap and call the copy of ns_get_dlopened_string
  void* handle = android_dlopen_ext(private_library_absolute_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW, &extinfo);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle != nullptr) << dlerror();

  uintptr_t ns_get_dlopened_string_addr =
      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(dlsym(handle, "ns_get_dlopened_string"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string_addr != 0) << dlerror();
  typedef const char* (*fn_t)();
  fn_t ns_get_dlopened_string_private = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(ns_get_dlopened_string_addr);

  std::vector<map_record> maps;
  Maps::parse_maps(&maps);

  uintptr_t addr_start = 0;
  uintptr_t addr_end = 0;
  std::vector<map_record> maps_to_copy;

  for (const auto& rec : maps) {
    if (rec.pathname == private_library_absolute_path) {
      if (addr_start == 0) {
        addr_start = rec.addr_start;
      }
      addr_end = rec.addr_end;

      maps_to_copy.push_back(rec);
    }
  }

  // some sanity checks..
  ASSERT_TRUE(addr_start > 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(addr_end > 0);
  ASSERT_EQ(3U, maps_to_copy.size());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string_addr > addr_start);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string_addr < addr_end);

  // copy
  uintptr_t reserved_addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(mmap(nullptr, addr_end - addr_start,
                                                             PROT_NONE, MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE,
                                                             -1, 0));
  ASSERT_TRUE(reinterpret_cast<void*>(reserved_addr) != MAP_FAILED);

  for (const auto& rec : maps_to_copy) {
    uintptr_t offset = rec.addr_start - addr_start;
    size_t size = rec.addr_end - rec.addr_start;
    void* addr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(reserved_addr + offset);
    void* map = mmap(addr, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                     MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_FIXED, -1, 0);
    ASSERT_TRUE(map != MAP_FAILED);
    memcpy(map, reinterpret_cast<void*>(rec.addr_start), size);
    mprotect(map, size, rec.perms);
  }

  // call the function copy
  uintptr_t ns_get_dlopened_string_offset  = ns_get_dlopened_string_addr - addr_start;
  fn_t ns_get_dlopened_string_anon = reinterpret_cast<fn_t>(reserved_addr + ns_get_dlopened_string_offset);
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)",
               ns_get_dlopened_string_anon());

  // They should belong to different namespaces (private and anonymous)
  ASSERT_STREQ("This string is from private namespace (dlopened library)",
               ns_get_dlopened_string_private());

  ASSERT_TRUE(ns_get_dlopened_string_anon() != ns_get_dlopened_string_private());
}