diff --git a/Android.bp b/Android.bp
index b5ddaa4e4..0e8d86d3b 100644
--- a/Android.bp
+++ b/Android.bp
@@ -127,3 +127,7 @@ genrule {
     srcs: ["cc/config/global.go"],
     out: ["clang-prebuilts-version.txt"],
 }
+
+dexpreopt_systemserver_check {
+    name: "dexpreopt_systemserver_check",
+}
diff --git a/dexpreopt/dexpreopt.go b/dexpreopt/dexpreopt.go
index 965b7552d..3145315e3 100644
--- a/dexpreopt/dexpreopt.go
+++ b/dexpreopt/dexpreopt.go
@@ -204,6 +204,17 @@ func GetSystemServerDexLocation(global *GlobalConfig, lib string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("/system/framework/%s.jar", lib)
 }
 
+// Returns the location to the odex file for the dex file at `path`.
+func ToOdexPath(path string, arch android.ArchType) string {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "/apex/") {
+		return filepath.Join("/system/framework/oat", arch.String(),
+			strings.ReplaceAll(path[1:], "/", "@")+"@classes.odex")
+	}
+
+	return filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(path), "oat", arch.String(),
+		pathtools.ReplaceExtension(filepath.Base(path), "odex"))
+}
+
 func dexpreoptCommand(ctx android.PathContext, globalSoong *GlobalSoongConfig, global *GlobalConfig,
 	module *ModuleConfig, rule *android.RuleBuilder, archIdx int, profile android.WritablePath,
 	appImage bool, generateDM bool) {
@@ -218,23 +229,8 @@ func dexpreoptCommand(ctx android.PathContext, globalSoong *GlobalSoongConfig, g
 		base = "package.apk"
 	}
 
-	toOdexPath := func(path string) string {
-		if global.ApexSystemServerJars.ContainsJar(module.Name) {
-			return filepath.Join(
-				"/system/framework/oat",
-				arch.String(),
-				strings.ReplaceAll(path[1:], "/", "@")+"@classes.odex")
-		}
-
-		return filepath.Join(
-			filepath.Dir(path),
-			"oat",
-			arch.String(),
-			pathtools.ReplaceExtension(filepath.Base(path), "odex"))
-	}
-
 	odexPath := module.BuildPath.InSameDir(ctx, "oat", arch.String(), pathtools.ReplaceExtension(base, "odex"))
-	odexInstallPath := toOdexPath(module.DexLocation)
+	odexInstallPath := ToOdexPath(module.DexLocation, arch)
 	if odexOnSystemOther(module, global) {
 		odexInstallPath = filepath.Join(SystemOtherPartition, odexInstallPath)
 	}
diff --git a/java/Android.bp b/java/Android.bp
index 9ffa12384..78d0cc1a9 100644
--- a/java/Android.bp
+++ b/java/Android.bp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ bootstrap_go_package {
         "dex.go",
         "dexpreopt.go",
         "dexpreopt_bootjars.go",
+        "dexpreopt_check.go",
         "dexpreopt_config.go",
         "droiddoc.go",
         "droidstubs.go",
diff --git a/java/dexpreopt_check.go b/java/dexpreopt_check.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..565901d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java/dexpreopt_check.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright 2021 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package java
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"android/soong/android"
+	"android/soong/dexpreopt"
+
+	"github.com/google/blueprint/pathtools"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	RegisterDexpreoptCheckBuildComponents(android.InitRegistrationContext)
+}
+
+func RegisterDexpreoptCheckBuildComponents(ctx android.RegistrationContext) {
+	ctx.RegisterSingletonModuleType("dexpreopt_systemserver_check", dexpreoptSystemserverCheckFactory)
+}
+
+// A build-time check to verify if all compilation artifacts of system server jars are installed
+// into the system image. When the check fails, it means that dexpreopting is not working for some
+// system server jars and needs to be fixed.
+// This singleton module generates a list of the paths to the artifacts based on
+// PRODUCT_SYSTEM_SERVER_JARS and PRODUCT_APEX_SYSTEM_SERVER_JARS, and passes it to Make via a
+// variable. Make will then do the actual check.
+// Currently, it only checks artifacts of modules defined in Soong. Artifacts of modules defined in
+// Makefile are generated by a script generated by dexpreopt_gen, and their existence is unknown to
+// Make and Ninja.
+type dexpreoptSystemserverCheck struct {
+	android.SingletonModuleBase
+
+	// Mapping from the module name to the install paths to the compilation artifacts.
+	artifactsByModuleName map[string][]string
+
+	// The install paths to the compilation artifacts.
+	artifacts []string
+}
+
+func dexpreoptSystemserverCheckFactory() android.SingletonModule {
+	m := &dexpreoptSystemserverCheck{}
+	m.artifactsByModuleName = make(map[string][]string)
+	android.InitAndroidArchModule(m, android.DeviceSupported, android.MultilibCommon)
+	return m
+}
+
+func getInstallPath(ctx android.ModuleContext, location string) android.InstallPath {
+	return android.PathForModuleInPartitionInstall(
+		ctx, "", strings.TrimPrefix(location, "/")).ToMakePath()
+}
+
+func (m *dexpreoptSystemserverCheck) GenerateAndroidBuildActions(ctx android.ModuleContext) {
+	global := dexpreopt.GetGlobalConfig(ctx)
+	targets := ctx.Config().Targets[android.Android]
+
+	// The check should be skipped on unbundled builds because system server jars are not preopted on
+	// unbundled builds since the artifacts are installed into the system image, not the APEXes.
+	if global.DisablePreopt || len(targets) == 0 || ctx.Config().UnbundledBuild() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	systemServerJars := dexpreopt.AllSystemServerJars(ctx, global)
+	for _, jar := range systemServerJars.CopyOfJars() {
+		dexLocation := dexpreopt.GetSystemServerDexLocation(global, jar)
+		odexLocation := dexpreopt.ToOdexPath(dexLocation, targets[0].Arch.ArchType)
+		odexPath := getInstallPath(ctx, odexLocation)
+		vdexPath := getInstallPath(ctx, pathtools.ReplaceExtension(odexLocation, "vdex"))
+		m.artifactsByModuleName[jar] = []string{odexPath.String(), vdexPath.String()}
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *dexpreoptSystemserverCheck) GenerateSingletonBuildActions(ctx android.SingletonContext) {
+	// Only keep modules defined in Soong.
+	ctx.VisitAllModules(func(module android.Module) {
+		if artifacts, ok := m.artifactsByModuleName[module.Name()]; ok {
+			m.artifacts = append(m.artifacts, artifacts...)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (m *dexpreoptSystemserverCheck) MakeVars(ctx android.MakeVarsContext) {
+	ctx.Strict("DEXPREOPT_SYSTEMSERVER_ARTIFACTS", strings.Join(m.artifacts, " "))
+}